Accountancy

Accountancy is the process of measuring, processing and recording an organization’s financial and non-financial statements. It has a wider scope than Accounting as it is the route to the Accounting process. Accountancy is responsible for prescribing the accounting conventions, principles, and techniques to be followed by an organization during the accounting process. The nature of Accounting is dynamic and analytical and hence, requires special abilities and skills in an individual to interpret the information better and effectively. 

Introduction to Accounting

1. Introduction to Accounting
2. Types and Users of Accounting Information
3. Difference between Bookkeeping and Accounting
4. Accounting: Objectives, Characteristics, Advantages, Disadvantages and Role of Accounting
5. Basic Accounting Terms
6. Difference between Accounting and Accountancy

Theory Base of Accounting

1. Accounting Standards: Need, Benefits, Limitations and Applicability
2. IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) and GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles)
3. Difference between Cash Basis and Accrual Basis of Accounting
4. Basic Accounting Concepts
5. Business Entity Concept
6. Money Measurement Concept
7. Going Concern Concept
8. Accounting Period Concept
9. Cost Concept of Accounting
10. Dual Concept of Accounting
11. Revenue Recognition Concept
12. Full Disclosure Concept
13. Consistency Concept
14. Conservatism Concept
15. Objectivity Concept
16. Systems and Basis of Accounting | Single and Double Entry System

Recording of Business Transactions

1. What is an Accounting Voucher? Explain the Types of Vouchers
2. Introduction to Accounting Equation
3. Accounting Equation | Increase in Assets and Capitals both and Increase in Assets and Liability both
4. Accounting Equation | Decrease in Assets and Capital both and Decrease in Asset and Liability both
5. Accounting Equation|Decrease in Capital and Increase in the Liability, Decrease in Liability and Increase in the Capital and Increase and Decrease in Assets
6. Accounting Equation|Sale of Goods and Calculation of Net Worth (Owner’s Equity) Or Capital
7. Journal Entries
8. Rules of Journal Entry
9. Journal Entry (Capital, Drawings, Expenses, Income & Goods)
10. Journal Entry for Capital
11. Journal Entry for Drawings
12. Journal Entry for Paid Expenses
13. Journal Entry for Income
14. Journal Entry for Sales and Purchase of Goods
15. Journal Entry for Cash and Credit Transactions
16. Journal Entries | Banking Transactions (Part-1)
17. Journal Entries | Banking Transactions (Part-2)
18. Journal Entry for Assets
19. Journal Entry for Depreciation
20. Journal Entry for Discount Allowed and Received
21. Journal Entry for Full/Final Settlement
22. What is a Compound Journal Entry ?
23. Opening Journal Entry
24. Journal Entry for Bad Debts and Bad Debts Recovered
25. Journal Entry for Loss of Insured Goods/Assets
26. Journal Entry for Loan Taken
27. Journal Entry for Loan Given
28. Journal Entry for Outstanding Expenses
29. Journal Entry for Prepaid or Unexpired or Advance Expenses
30. Journal Entry for Accrued Income or Income Due
31. Journal Entry for Income Received in Advance or Unearned Income
32. Journal Entry for Income Tax
33. Journal Entry for Life Insurance Premium & Employee’s Life Insurance Premium
34. Journal Entry for Interest on Capital
35. Journal Entry for Interest on Drawings
36. Journal Entry for Use of Goods in Business
37. Journal Entry for Expenditure on Assets (Erection or Installation)
38. Journal Entry for Expenses on Purchase of Goods
39. Journal Entries under GST (Goods and Services Tax)
40. Cash Book: Meaning, Types. and Example
41. Purchases Book: Meaning, Format, and Example
42. Sales Book: Meaning, Format and Example
43. Purchase Return Book: Meaning, Format, and Example
44. Sales Return Book: Meaning, Format, and Example
45. Journal Proper: Meaning, Format and Examples
46. Ledger | Meaning, Format, Example and Balancing of Accounts

Bank Reconciliation Statement

1. Bank Reconciliation Statement
2. Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement
3. Difference between Bank Statement and Bank Reconciliation Statement
4. Preparation of BRS without correcting Cash Book
5. Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS) : Without Correcting Cash Book
6. Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement with Amended Cash Book
7. Bank Reconciliation Statement (BRS): When Extracts from Cash Book and Pass Book are given

Depreciation, Provisions, and Reserves

1. Depreciation: Features, Causes, Factors and Need
2. Methods of charging Depreciation
3. Straight Line Method of Charging Depreciation
4. Written Down Value Method
5. Difference between Straight Line and Written Down Value Method of calculating Depreciation
6. Difference between Depreciation and Amortization
7. Provisions in Accounting – Meaning, Accounting Treatment, and Example
8. Reserves in Accounting: Meaning, Accounting Treatment, Importance, and Example
9. Difference between Provisions and Reserves
10. Reserves and its Types
11. Difference between Capital Reserve and Revenue Reserve

Trial Balance and Rectification of Errors

1. Trial Balance: Meaning, Objectives, Preparation, Format, and Example
2. Types of Errors in Trial Balance
3. Detection and Rectification of Errors in Trial Balance
4. What is a Suspense Account?

Bills of Exchange

1. Bills of Exchange: Meaning, Features, Parties, and Advantages
2. Promissory Note: Features and Parties
3. Difference between Bills of Exchange and Promissory Note
4. Important Terms in Bills of Exchange
5. Accounting Treatment of Bills of Exchange

Financial Statements

1. Introduction to Financial Statements
2. Financial Statements with Adjustments
3. Financial Statements with Adjustments (Journal Entries)
4. Financial Statement with Adjustment with Examples-I
5. Adjustment of Closing Stock in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
6. Adjustment of Outstanding Expenses in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
7. Adjustment of Prepaid Expenses in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
8. Adjustment of Accrued Income in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
9. Adjustment of Unearned Income in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
10. Financial Statement with Adjustment with Examples-II
11. Adjustment of Interest on Capital in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
12. Adjustment of Interest on Drawings in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
13. Adjustment of Interest on Loan in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
14. Adjustment of Proprietor’s Salary in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
15. Adjustment of Interest on Deposits in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
16. Financial Statement with Adjustment with Examples-III
17. Adjustment of Depreciation in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
18. Adjustment of Appreciation in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
19. Adjustment of Bad Debts in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
20. Adjustment of Provision for Bad and Doubtful Debts in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
21. Adjustment of Bad Debts Recovered in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
22. Financial Statement with Adjustment with Examples – IV
23. Adjustment of Provision for Discount on Debtors in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
24. Adjustment of Provision for Discount on Creditors in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
25. Financial Statement with Adjustment-Loss of Insured Goods & Assets (All three cases)
26. Adjustment of Goods given as Charity or Free Sample in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
27. Adjustment of Goods used for Personal Purpose in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
28. Financial Statement with Adjustment with Examples-V
29. Adjustment of Use of Goods in Business in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
30. Adjustment of Manager’s Commission in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
31. Adjustment of Deferred Revenue Expenditure in Final Accounts (Financial Statements)
32. Financial Statement with Adjustment-Loss of Insured Goods & Assets (All three cases)
33. Stakeholders and their Information Requirements
34. Capital Expenditure | Meaning, Example and Accounting Treatment
35. Revenue Expenditure | Meaning, Types, Example and Accounting Treatment
36. Capital Receipts | Meaning, Types, Components, and Accounting Treatment
37. Revenue Receipts | Meaning, Features, Example and Accounting Treatment
38. Difference between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure in Accountancy
39. Difference between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts in Accountancy
40. Trading and Profit and Loss Account: Opening Journal Entries
41. Operating Profit (EBIT): Meaning, Formula and Example
42. Balance Sheet: Meaning, Format, Need and Objectives
43. How to prepare a Balance Sheet?

Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts

1. Introduction to Accounting for Partnership
2. Partnership Deed and Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 
3. Difference between Limited Liability Partnership and Partnership Firm
4. Accounting Treatment for Interest on Partner’s Capital
5. Interest on Drawing in case of Partnership
6. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Loan, Rent Paid to a Partner, Commission Payable to a Partner, Manager’s Commission on Net Profit
7. Introduction to Profit and Loss Appropriation Account
8. Difference between Profit and Loss Account And Profit and Loss Appropriation Account
9. Capital Accounts of the Partner: Fixed Capital Method
10. Capital Accounts of the Partner: Fluctuating Capital Method
11. Difference between Fixed Capital Account and Fluctuating Capital Account 
12. Past Adjustments in Partnership
13. Guarantee of Minimum Profit to a Partner  

Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio

1. Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm : Reasons and Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
2. Goodwill: Meaning, Factors Affecting Goodwill and Need for Valuation
3. Methods of Valuation of Goodwill 
4. Average Profit Method of Calculating Goodwill
5. Super Profit Method of Calculating Goodwill
6. Capitalisation Method of Calculating Goodwill
7. Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
8. Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
9. Change in Profit Sharing Ratio: Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund
10. Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
11. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of change in Profit Sharing Ratio (Fixed Capital)
12. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of change in Profit Sharing Ratio (Fluctuating Capital)
13. Adjustment in Existing Partner’s Capital Account in case of Change in Profit Sharing Ratio

Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner

1. Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner 
2. Computation of New Profit Sharing Ratio: Admission of a Partner
3. Computation of Sacrificing Ratio in case of Admission of a Partner
4. Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Admission of a Partner
5. Hidden Goodwill: Admission of a Partner
6. Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Admission of a Partner 
7. Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Admission of a Partner  
8. Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve: Admission of a Partner
9. Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Admission of a Partner
10. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account: Admission of a Partner (Fixed Capital)
11. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account: Admission of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital)
12. Preparation of Revaluation Account, Capital Account and Balance Sheet 
13. Adjustment of Partner’s Capital Account: Admission of a Partner

Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Retirement or Death of a Partner

1. Retirement of a Partner in case of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm 
2. Computation of New Profit Sharing Ratio: Retirement of a Partner
3. Calculation of Gaining Ratio: Retirement of a Partner
4. Difference between Sacrificing Ratio and Gaining Ratio 
5. Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Retirement of a Partner
6. Hidden Goodwill in case of Retirement of a Partner
7. Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Retirement of a Partner
8. Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Retirement of a Partner
9. Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve in case of Retirement of a Partner
10. Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Retirement of a Partner 
11. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner (Fixed Capital)
12. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital)
13. Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner when Full Amount is Paid
14. Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner: Amount Paid in Instalment
15. Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner: Transferred to Loan Account
16. Adjustment of Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner
17. Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm in case of Death of a Partner
18. Calculation of Share of Profit up to the Date of Death of a Partner
19. Adjustment of Interest on Deceased Partner’s Capital, Deceased Partner’s Share in Goodwill and Accumulated Profits and Reserves
20. Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Death of a Partner
21. Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Death of a Partner
22. Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve in case of Death of a Partner
23. Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Death of a Partner
24. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Death of a Partner (Fixed Capital)
25. Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Death of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital)
26. Accounting Treatment of Amount Due to Deceased Partner
27. Accounting Treatment of Joint Life Policy in case of Death of a Partner
28. Accounting Treatment of Individual Life Policy in case of Death of a Partner

Dissolution of Partnership Firm

1. Dissolution of a Partnership Firm: Meaning, Modes of Dissolution, Modes of Settlement of accounts (Section 48)
2. Difference between Dissolution of Firm and Dissolution of Partnership 
3. Difference between Firm’s Debt and Private Debt 
4. Dissolution of Partnership: Realisation Account
5. Difference between Realisation Account and Revaluation Account
6. Accounting treatment of Accumulated Profits, Reserves, and Losses in case of Dissolution of Firm
7. Dissolution of Firm: Partner’s Capital Account
8. Dissolution of Firm: Cash or Bank Account
9. Dissolution of Partnership Firm: Meaning and Example
10. Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Dissolution of Firm
11. Accounting Treatment of Joint Life Policy in case of Dissolution of a Firm
12. Accounting Treatment of Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities in case of Dissolution of a firm
13. Dissolution of Firm: Rebate on Bills Payable/Creditors and Commission or Remuneration Payable to a Partner
14. Dissolution of Firm: Partner’s Current Account
15. Dissolution of Firm: Taking Over of Business by a Partner
16. Dissolution of Firm: Memorandum Balance Sheet

Accounting for Share Capital

1. Company and its Types 
2. Difference between Public Company and Private Company 
3. Types of Shares
4. Difference between Preference Shares and Equity Shares 
5. Share Capital: Meaning, Kinds, and Presentation of Share Capital in Company’s Balance Sheet
6. Difference between Capital Reserve and Reserve Capital
7. Accounting for Share Capital: Issues of Shares for Cash
8. Issue of Shares At Par: Accounting Entries
9. Issue of Shares at Premium: Accounting Entries
10. Issue of Share for Consideration other than Cash: Accounting for Share Capital
11. Issue of Shares: Accounting Entries on Full Subscription with Share Application
12. Calls in Arrear: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares
13. Calls in Advance: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares
14. Oversubscription of Shares: Accounting Treatment
15. Oversubscription of Shares: Pro-rata Allotment
16. Oversubscription of Shares: Pro-rata Allotment with Calls in Arrear
17. Forfeiture of Shares: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares
18. Accounting Entries on Re-issue of Forfeited Shares
19. Disclosure of Share Capital in the Balance Sheet: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares

Issue and Redemption of Debentures

1. Issue of Debentures: Meaning, Characteristics, Purpose of Issuing Debentures and Example
2. Types of Debentures 
3. Difference between Shares and Debentures 
4. Issue of Debentures: Accounting Treatment of Issue of Debenture and Presentation of debentures in balance sheet (with format)
5. Issue of Debenture at Par and Premium
6. Issue of Debentures for Consideration other than Cash 
7. Issue of Debenture as Collateral Security
8. Interest on Debentures
9. Redemption of Debentures
10. Redemption of Debentures: Meaning, Sources and Rules regarding Redemption
11. Redemption of Debentures in case of Lump-Sum
12. Redemption of Debentures in case of Installment
13. Redemption of Debentures in case of Purchase of Own Debentures
14. Redemption of Debentures: Conversion into Shares or New Debentures

Financial Statements of a Company

1. Introduction to Financial Statement
2. Objectives and Characteristics of Financial Statements
3. Financial Statement of a Company: Balance Sheet
4. Profit and Loss Account: Meaning, Format and General instructions for preparation of Profit and Loss Account

Analysis of Financial Statements

1. Introduction to Financial Analysis 
2. Financial Analysis: Objective, Methods, and Process 
3. Financial Analysis: Need, Types, and Limitations
4. Financial Analysis: Uses, Importance, Limitations
5. Comparative Statement: Meaning, Importance and Techniques of Presenting Financial Statements
6. Comparative Balance Sheet: Objectives, Advantages and Format of Comparative Balance Sheet
7. Comparative Income Statement: Objectives, Advantages and Preparation and Format of Comparative Income Statement
8. Common Size Income Statement: Objectives, Preparation, Format of Common Size Statement
9. Common Size Balance Sheet: Meaning, Objectives and Format of Common Size Balance Sheet

Accounting Ratios

1. Ratio Analysis- Importance, Advantages and Limitations
2. Types of Accounting Ratios 
3. Liquidity Ratio: Meaning, Types, Formula and Illustrations
4. Current Ratio: Meaning, Significance and Examples
5. Liquid/Quick Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
6. Solvency Ratio: Meaning, Formula, and Significance
7. Debt-Equity Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
8. Total Assets to Debt Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Examples
9. Proprietary Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
10. Interest Coverage Ratio | Meaning, Formula, Calculation and Examples
11. Activity Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Significance
12. Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Illustration
13. Trade Payable Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples 
14. Working Capital Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
15. Profitability Ratio or Income Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Significance
16. Overall Profitability Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance, and Examples
17. Gross Profit Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
18. Operating Ratio | Formula and Examples
19. Operating Profit Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples
20. Net Profit Ratio 
21. Return on Investment (ROI): Meaning, Formula, Significance and Illustrations
22. Ratio Analysis Formula

Cash Flow Statement

1. What is a Cash Flow Statement? 
2. Cash Flow Statement: Objectives, Importance and Limitations
3. Classification of Business Activities in Cash Flow: Operating, Investing and Financing Activities
4. Cash Flow from Operating Activities
5. Treatment of Special Items in Cash Flow Statement
6. Treatment of Special Items in Cash Flow Statement-II 
7. Examples of Cash Flow from Operating Activities
8. Cash Flow from Investing Activities
9. Cash Flow from Financing Activities
10. Cash Flow Statement: Two Examples

Overview of Computerised Accounting System

1. Sourcing of Accounting Software 
2. Computerised Accounting System
3. Computerized Accounting System – Meaning, Features, Advantages and Disadvantages
4. Difference between Manual and Computerised Accounting 
5. Difference between Management Information System (MIS) and Accounting Information System (AIS)
6. Evolution and Features of Computerised Accounting
7. Computer and its Components 
8. Computer System in Accounting 

Accounting Application of Electronic Spreadsheet

1. Concept of Electronic Spreadsheet
2. Features offered by Electronic Spreadsheet
3. Application in generating accounting information: Bank Reconciliation Statement, Asset Accounting, Loan Repayment of Loan Schedule, and Ratio Analysis
4. Data Representation: Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams

Using Computerised Accounting System

1. Steps in the installation of CAS, codification and Hierarchy of account heads, creation of accounts
2. Data: Entry, Validation and Verification
3. Adjusting Entries, Preparation of Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account with Opening and Closing Entries
4. Need and Security features of the system

CBSE Class 12 Previous Year Papers

• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/1/1, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/1/2, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/1/3, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question (Paper-67/2/1-2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper-67/2/2
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (Paper Code: 67/2/3, 2020)
• CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Solved Question Paper (67/4/1, 2020)

Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organization (Not in Current CBSE Syllabus for 2024-2025)

1. Not-for-Profit Organisations- Features and Financial Statements
2. Difference Between Not for Profit Organisation and Profit Earning Organisation
3. Income and Expenditure Account of a Not for Profit Organisation
4. Difference between Receipt and Payment Account And Income and Expenditure Account
5. Balance Sheet for Not for Profit Organisation
6. Accounting Treatment of Subscriptions and Expenses
7. Accounting Treatment of Consumable Items: Stationery and Sports Material
8. Accounting Treatment: Admission or Entrance Fees, Donation and Legacies, Grants from Government, Sale of Fixed Assets, Life Membership Fees
9. Fund based Accounting
10. Receipt and Payment Account for Not for Profit Organisation  
11. Income & Expenditure Account: Accounting Treatment
12. Balance Sheet for Not for Profit Organisation 
13. Practical Questions on Balance sheet for Not for Profit Organisation
14. Practical Questions on Receipt & Payment Account

Accountancy Notes for CBSE Class 11th

The notes contain 11 chapters covering every important topic, like Bills of Exchange, GAAP, Financial Statements, Journal, Ledger, Reserves, Depreciation, Bank Reconciliation Statement, Trial Balance, and many more. These notes are enough for learning basic and crucial knowledge about accountancy from scratch.

Accountancy Notes for CBSE Class 12th

The notes contain 12 chapters covering every important topic like Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organisation, Partnership, Admission of a Partner, Retirement of a Partner, Issue of Shares, Issue of Debentures, Financial Statements of a Company, Cash Flow Statement, Computerised Accounting of a Company and so on.